Early Beginnings

Greek winemaking dates to prehistoric times, with evidence of wild grape remnants found throughout Greece. Cultivated vines have been traced back to the Neolithic period, introduced by neighboring civilizations. By the Bronze Age, in both the Minoan and Mycenaean societies, wine was not only a daily staple but also an important trade commodity. This laid the foundation for the early Greek wine industry.

Classical and Hellenistic Periods

By the Archaic period (7th century BC), viticulture was widespread across Greece, and winemaking techniques were evolving. During the Classical period (480-323 BC), Greece became a significant player in the ancient wine trade. Greek wines were prized throughout the Mediterranean, and wine was integral to Greek society, celebrated in rituals and symposiums. The era also saw the establishment of practices still relevant today, such as appellations and the role of sommeliers. Red wines were especially popular, symbolizing Greek civilization and tradition.

Following Alexander the Great’s conquests, Greek wine spread throughout his vast empire. The Hellenistic period solidified Greece’s reputation as a wine-producing powerhouse, with the Aegean islands becoming prominent trade centers. Greek wines became coveted exports throughout the Mediterranean and as far north as Europe.

Byzantine and Ottoman Periods

During the Byzantine Empire, viticulture continued to flourish, with winemaking techniques becoming more refined. Christianity further elevated wine’s cultural status, especially with the influence of monastic viticulture. Monks produced wine for religious ceremonies and daily use, preserving indigenous grape varieties and winemaking traditions. Monemvasia (Malvasia), an acclaimed varietal, gained international fame, especially during Venetian rule in the Ionian and Aegean islands and Crete.

During the Ottoman period (1453-1821), Greek viticulture faced challenges but continued relatively unhindered. The Ottoman rulers allowed wine production for taxation purposes, leading to a unique preservation of viticultural practices. Monasteries remained central to maintaining wine traditions, though vineyards were sometimes abandoned due to heavy taxation.

Modern Revival and Renaissance

In the years following Greek independence, the 19th century saw the first wave of modern Greek wineries, such as Achaia Clauss and Cambas. With European oenologists bringing expertise from abroad, the industry expanded. In the late 19th century, Greece supplied France with wine during the phylloxera crisis. However, the crisis later affected Greek vineyards, and phylloxera spread, leading to a period of decline.

The modern Greek wine renaissance began in the third quarter of the 20th century. In 1971, Greece introduced an official appellation system, categorizing wines by designation of origin. Over the last few decades, Greece has undergone a transformation, with small, family-owned wineries blossoming and adopting state-of-the-art techniques. Today, Greece boasts a range of native grape varieties and diverse terroirs, attracting global recognition.

Greek wines have become a trend in major markets, celebrated for their unique character and rich history. Wine tourism in Greece is also growing rapidly, allowing visitors to experience the country’s ancient wine culture firsthand. The story of Greek wine continues, as vibrant as ever, with winemaking thriving on the same lands that supported one of the world’s earliest vineyards.

The history of Greek wine is as old as Greece itself, woven into its culture, economy, religion, and daily life. Few nations are as deeply connected to wine, from prehistoric roots to today’s thriving industry. Greek wine history stretches back thousands of years, making it one of the world’s longest documented viticultural traditions.